POLLUTION

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.^[1] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. The Blacksmith Institute issues an annual list of the world's worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia,Ukraine, and Zambia.

AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, orbiological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere.

The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletiondue to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.

Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's 

WATER POLLUTION

Water pollution is contamination of water by foreign matter that deteriorates the quality of the water. Water pollution covers pollutions in liquid forms like ocean pollution and river pollution. As the term applies, liquid pollution occurs in the oceans, lakes, streams, rivers, underground water and bays, in short liquid-containing areas. It involves the release of toxic substances, pathogenic germs, substances that require much oxygen to decompose, easy-soluble substances, radioactivity, etc. that become deposited upon the bottom and their accumulations will interfere with the condition of aquatic ecosystems. For example, the eutrophication: lack of oxygen in a water body caused by excessive algae growths because of enrichment of pollutants.

LAND POLLUTION

Land pollution is the degradation of Earth's land surfaces often caused by human activities and their misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is not disposed properly. Health hazard disposal of urban and industrial wastes, exploitation of minerals, and improper use of soil by inadequate agricultural practices are a few factors. Urbanization ಅಂಡ್ industrialization are major causes of land pollution. The Industrial Revolution set a series of events into motion which destroyed natural habitats and polluted the environment, causing diseases in both humans and other species of animals.

RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION

Radioactivity is a phenomenon of spontaneous emission of proton (a-particles), electrons (ß-particles) and ?-rays (short wave electromagnetic waves) due to disintegration of atomic nuclei of some elements. These cause radioactive pollution. Radiations are of two types ionising and non-ionising. Non-ionising radiations affect only those components which absorb them and have low penetrability. Ionising radiations have high penetration power and cause breakage of macro molecules.

Man-made sources of radiation pollution are mining and refining of plutonium and thorium, production and explosion and nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants and fuels and preparation of radioactive isotopes.
There are commonly three types of radiation, namely:

Alpha particles, can be blocked by a piece of paper and human skin.

·                     Beta particles can penetrate through skin, while can be blocked by some pieces of glass and metal.

·                     Gamma rays can penetrate easily to human skin and damage cells on its way through, reaching far, and can only be blocked by a very thick, strong, massive piece of concrete.

THERMAL POLLUTION

This has become an increasing and the most current pollution, owing to the increasing call of globalization everywhere. Heat produced from industries is a major contribution to the pollution, much to the operation of the heavy industries which produces high amount of heat energy. As we will show a summary to the event of this pollution happening:

·                     Raw materials for productivity (organic and inorganic products)

·                     Undergo different chemical reactions with several process

·                     Excess heat energy is produced as a waste product

·                     Heat is released through into atmosphere (vapor) and riverine system (liquid).

·                     Increase of temperature of environmental system 

n view of the pollution, global temperature had increased significantly.

Measurements of atmospheric temperature are done by meteorological center of the weather forecast annually, and the graph to detect the temperature trend from a period of 10 years will be compared with the previous batch of period. Thus we may be able to know the rate of temperature increase overall and make reference to the standard level of heat that should be maintain in the atmosphere to avoid large deviation of heat in the system.

HOW INDIA CAN BE POLLUTION FREE ?

Well, there are many different types of pollution (water, ground, noise, etc ...), but I think our biggest concern is to first tackle air pollution. This would involve changing the way our society operates in regards to generating electricity and travelling. For generating electricity, there are many renewable sources of energy available such as wind, solar, and tidal motion. Unfortunately, the start up costs for these sources are not as economical as fossil fuels at this point in time. As fuel costs increase, I think we could see the cost benefits of renewable energies begin to take over. For travelling, it gets a bit trickier. We are accustomed to travelling as fast as safely possible to our destination. This traditionally has meant going in fast, expensive, gas guzzling vehicles. In order for us to become pollution free, we may have to resolve to travel in slower vehicles such as electricity driven trains, cars, etc ... For air travel, we may have to completely invent a new technology such as a space elevator. This would allow us to make relatively inexpensive, fast, and fuel efficient sub-orbital transportation methods in addition to dramatically reducing the amount of pollution going into the air as a result of burning jet fuel. The concept of the space elevator can be found here:

CONCLUSION

• Presence of dangerous unnatural ingredeints causing imbalance in the ecosystems and health hazards to human beings and animals is called pollution.

• Pollution is mainly found in air, water, soil, food and sound.

• Major human activities like industries, agriculture, health care, transport, dwelling and energy generation are the causes of pollution.

• Many industries like textile, paper, steel, sugar, petroleum, food, chemical and cement industries cause air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.

• Industrial pollutants include gases like methane, cyanides, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulphides, carbon monoxide, hydrogen disulphides, hydrochloric acids, ammonia, sulphur dioxide as well as multiples of liquid / solid compounds.

• Modern agriculture - encouraging the large scale of fertilizers and pesticides - is primary cause of drinking water pollution.

• Transport has been the main reason for air pollution in most cities. Vehicular trffic releasing carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide has caused large scale air pollution in cities.

• Pollution of air is the major cause human health problems such as respiratory problems, lung / throat, cancer etc. Pollution of water is also the main cause of health problems like gastero - enteritis formation of ulcers, tumors.

• Health problems due to pollution range form simple vomiting and skin irritations to intestinal cancer, brain tumors, from simple fever to fatal hepatitis, from throat irritation to deadly heart diseases.

• Foods that we eat are polluted because of use of pesticides, use of polluted water or microbial activities. Many persistent pesticides enter food chains and accumulate in bodies at a larger concentrations.

• Soil pollution by various solids and liquids has created imbalances in soil ecosystems besides creating number of ecological hazards in cities and villages.

• Control of pollution has been a formidable challenge to human civilization. As the pollution grows with the civilization and growing population, the control of pollution is more challenging.

• Several measures have been adopted, suggested imposed in industries, in agriculture and urban dwellings to control the pollution.

However fast growing population and high capital requirement are the major problems being faced to implement the scientific methods of pollution control.